L6M2 Zertifizierung - L6M2 Fragen Beantworten
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L6M2 Global Commercial Strategy neueste Studie Torrent & L6M2 tatsächliche prep Prüfung
Mit einem CIPS L6M2 Zertifikat kann der Berufstätige in der IT-Branche bessere berufliche Aufstiegschancen haben. Das CIPS L6M2 Zertifikat ebnet den Berufstätigen in der IT-Branche den Weg zur erfolgreichen Karriere!
CIPS Global Commercial Strategy L6M2 Prüfungsfragen mit Lösungen (Q11-Q16):
11. Frage
SIMULATION
Analyse the GE McKinsey Matrix as a tool to influence directional policy
Antwort:
Begründung:
Analysis of the GE McKinsey Matrix as a Tool to Influence Directional Policy Introduction The GE McKinsey Matrix is a strategic tool used by businesses to prioritize investments, allocate resources, and influence directional policy. It expands on the BCG Matrix by evaluating business units or product portfolios based on two dimensions:
Industry Attractiveness (external factors such as market growth, competition, and profitability).
Business Unit Strength (internal factors such as brand strength, financial performance, and operational efficiency).
The matrix helps organizations decide where to invest, grow, or divest, making it a valuable tool for influencing long-term strategic direction.
1. Explanation of the GE McKinsey Matrix
The GE McKinsey Matrix categorizes business units into nine strategic zones, guiding investment decisions:
| Industry Attractiveness →
Example:
Apple's iPhone (High Industry, Strong Business Unit) → Invest & Grow
Microsoft's Bing Search Engine (Low Industry, Weak Business Unit) → Divest or Harvest ❌
2. How the GE McKinsey Matrix Influences Directional Policy
1. Investment Prioritization
✅ Identifies which business units deserve more investment.
✅ Helps companies allocate resources to high-potential markets.
Example: Amazon invests heavily in AWS (Cloud Computing) due to high industry growth and strong business positioning.
2. Market Entry and Expansion Decisions
✅ Assists in geographical and market expansion decisions.
✅ Helps assess whether to enter emerging industries.
Example: Tesla entered renewable energy (solar panels, batteries) due to high industry potential.
3. Strategic Exit or Divestment Decisions
✅ Identifies low-performing divisions that should be divested.
✅ Prevents financial losses by exiting declining markets.
Example: GE sold its financial services division (GE Capital) to refocus on industrial manufacturing.
4. Balancing Risk and Portfolio Diversification
✅ Encourages a balanced portfolio of high-growth and stable businesses.
✅ Ensures companies avoid over-reliance on a single product or market.
Example: Google (Alphabet) maintains a diverse portfolio of AI, search, and cloud businesses to balance risk.
3. Advantages and Limitations of the GE McKinsey Matrix
✅ Advantages
✔ More detailed than the BCG Matrix - Considers multiple industry and business factors.
✔ Helps with long-term strategic planning - Guides investment, expansion, and divestment.
✔ Balances risk and growth - Prevents over-reliance on a single revenue source.
❌ Limitations
✖ Subjective analysis - Industry attractiveness and business strength are difficult to quantify.
✖ Complex implementation - Requires detailed data collection and industry research.
✖ No direct action plan - Only provides guidance on resource allocation, not execution strategies.
4. Conclusion
The GE McKinsey Matrix is a powerful tool for influencing directional policy by helping companies prioritize investments, expand into attractive markets, and exit underperforming businesses. However, it should be used alongside financial analysis and market research to ensure strategic success.
12. Frage
SIMULATION
Evaluate the role of strategic human management in creating competitive advantage for an organisation
Antwort:
Begründung:
Evaluation of the Role of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) in Creating Competitive Advantage Introduction Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is the proactive alignment of HR policies with business strategy to achieve long-term success. It focuses on developing talent, leadership, culture, and employee engagement to enhance organizational performance and competitiveness.
By implementing effective SHRM practices, companies can create a sustainable competitive advantage through a highly skilled and motivated workforce.
1. The Role of SHRM in Creating Competitive Advantage
1.1 Talent Acquisition and Workforce Planning
✅ Why it matters?
Recruiting and retaining highly skilled employees is essential for innovation and efficiency.
Workforce planning ensures the right people are in the right roles at the right time.
Example: Google's strategic hiring approach focuses on attracting top AI and engineering talent, driving innovation in tech.
✅ Competitive Advantage Created:
✔ Builds an expert workforce that competitors cannot easily replicate.
✔ Reduces turnover costs by ensuring long-term retention.
1.2 Employee Development and Training
✅ Why it matters?
Continuous learning and skills development enhance employee productivity and innovation.
Upskilling employees keeps companies ahead in fast-changing industries.
Example: Amazon's Career Choice Program invests in employee training to develop future leaders and improve workforce capabilities.
✅ Competitive Advantage Created:
✔ Enhances organizational agility by equipping employees with emerging skills.
✔ Creates a culture of continuous improvement and innovation.
1.3 Performance Management and Employee Engagement
✅ Why it matters?
Effective performance management systems ensure employees align with business goals.
Engaged employees are more productive, motivated, and committed to company success.
Example: Salesforce's focus on employee engagement through leadership development and internal career growth has resulted in high retention and innovation.
✅ Competitive Advantage Created:
✔ Drives high workforce productivity and efficiency.
✔ Reduces costs related to poor performance and disengagement.
1.4 HR Technology and Data-Driven Decision-Making
✅ Why it matters?
Digital HR tools (e.g., AI-driven recruitment, performance analytics, HR automation) optimize talent management.
Data-driven HR strategies help predict workforce trends and talent gaps.
Example: Unilever uses AI-driven HR analytics to identify high-potential employees and enhance leadership succession planning.
✅ Competitive Advantage Created:
✔ Enables data-driven workforce planning for future growth.
✔ Increases efficiency and reduces hiring biases.
1.5 Employee Well-being and Diversity & Inclusion
✅ Why it matters?
Work-life balance policies, mental health support, and DEI (Diversity, Equity, Inclusion) programs improve workplace culture.
Diverse teams enhance creativity, problem-solving, and innovation.
Example: Microsoft's Diversity & Inclusion programs have strengthened its brand and innovation by fostering a more inclusive workforce.
✅ Competitive Advantage Created:
✔ Attracts top global talent who seek inclusive workplaces.
✔ Strengthens brand reputation and employee loyalty.
2. Advantages of Strategic HRM in Competitive Positioning
✅ Develops Unique Talent & Expertise - Hard for competitors to replicate.
✅ Enhances Productivity & Efficiency - Skilled, engaged employees drive better results.
✅ Supports Business Agility & Innovation - Workforce is adaptable to market changes.
✅ Builds Strong Employer Brand - Attracts and retains high-quality talent.
Key Takeaway: SHRM transforms HR from an administrative function to a strategic asset that creates long-term value.
3. Challenges & Risks of SHRM
❌ Implementation Costs - Advanced HR technology and training require investment.
❌ Resistance to Change - Employees may resist new HR policies.
❌ Measuring ROI Can Be Complex - Talent development impacts long-term but is hard to quantify.
❌ Legal & Compliance Risks - Global HR policies must align with labor laws across different countries.
Solution: Businesses must integrate HR analytics, leadership buy-in, and cultural change strategies to overcome these challenges.
4. Conclusion
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a key driver of sustainable competitive advantage by:
✅ Attracting and retaining top talent.
✅ Developing a highly skilled, engaged, and innovative workforce.
✅ Leveraging HR technology and data-driven insights.
✅ Promoting employee well-being, diversity, and inclusion.
Companies that prioritize SHRM create a dynamic, future-ready workforce, ensuring long-term success in competitive markets.
13. Frage
SIMULATION
XYX is an airline whose profits have been severely affected due to not being able to operate during a two-year pandemic. Cash reserves at the organisation are at an all time low and XYZ are looking into sources of short-term funding for working capital. Discuss four sources and suggest which one XYZ should use.
Antwort:
Begründung:
Sources of Short-Term Funding for XYZ Airline
Introduction
XYZ, an airline with severe financial losses due to a two-year pandemic, requires short-term funding to maintain operations. With cash reserves at an all-time low, the airline needs immediate working capital to cover employee salaries, aircraft maintenance, airport fees, and fuel costs.
Short-term funding options provide temporary liquidity but come with different risks and costs. This answer evaluates four sources of short-term funding and recommends the best option for XYZ.
1. Bank Overdraft (Flexible Borrowing Facility)
Explanation:
A bank overdraft allows XYZ to withdraw funds beyond its available balance, up to a set limit.
✅ Advantages
✔ Flexible borrowing - Funds can be accessed as needed.
✔ Quick to arrange - Available through existing bank relationships.
✔ Interest only on borrowed amount - No need to take a large loan upfront.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ High-interest rates - Overdrafts often have higher interest than standard loans.
✖ Limited borrowing capacity - May not be enough to cover all costs.
✖ Bank may demand repayment at short notice.
Best for: Covering minor cash flow shortages but not large-scale operational funding.
2. Short-Term Business Loan (Fixed-Term Borrowing from a Bank or Lender) Explanation:
A short-term loan provides a lump sum of cash that XYZ must repay over a set period (typically 3-12 months).
✅ Advantages
✔ Larger funding amounts available - More substantial than overdrafts.
✔ Predictable repayment terms - Fixed monthly payments help with planning.
✔ Can be secured or unsecured - Secured loans offer lower interest rates.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Requires repayment even if revenue is still low.
✖ Potentially high interest rates, especially for unsecured loans.
✖ Approval process may take time.
Best for: Covering larger operational costs like aircraft maintenance and staff salaries.
3. Sale and Leaseback of Assets (Liquidity from Selling Existing Assets) Explanation:
XYZ can sell its aircraft or other assets to an investor or leasing company and then lease them back for continued use.
✅ Advantages
✔ Immediate cash injection without losing operational assets.
✔ No repayment burden - Unlike loans, it does not increase debt levels.
✔ Improves cash flow for essential expenses.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Long-term cost increase - Leasing is more expensive than owning in the long run.
✖ Loss of asset ownership - Limits financial flexibility in the future.
✖ Dependent on market conditions - Aircraft resale values fluctuate.
Best for: Raising large capital quickly while continuing operations.
4. Government Grants or Emergency Aid (Public Sector Financial Assistance) Explanation:
Governments often provide financial aid or grants to struggling industries, especially airlines affected by global crises.
✅ Advantages
✔ No repayment required - Unlike loans, grants do not need to be repaid.
✔ Low risk - Does not increase financial liabilities.
✔ Supports industry stability - Governments want airlines to survive for economic reasons.
❌ Disadvantages
✖ Lengthy approval process - Bureaucratic delays may not provide immediate relief.
✖ Strict eligibility requirements - XYZ must meet conditions set by the government.
✖ Potential public criticism - Bailouts may attract negative media attention.
Best for: Long-term financial recovery rather than immediate short-term cash flow issues.
5. Recommendation: Best Source for XYZ
Recommended Option:Sale and Leaseback of Assets
Why?
✅ Provides immediate liquidity - Essential for covering urgent operational costs.
✅ No additional debt burden - Unlike loans, it does not create financial liabilities.
✅ Ensures business continuity - XYZ can still operate leased aircraft.
Secondary Option: Short-Term Loan
If sale and leaseback is not viable, a short-term business loan can be used for emergency liquidity, but it increases financial risk.
Final Takeaway:
Sale and Leaseback → Best for quick large-scale funding without debt.
Short-Term Loan → A backup option if leasing is unavailable.
14. Frage
SIMULATION
Explain 5 reasons why exchange rates can be volatile
Five Reasons Why Exchange Rates Can Be Volatile
Introduction
Exchange rates are constantly fluctuating due to economic, political, and market forces. Volatility in exchange rates affects global trade, procurement costs, and business profitability. Companies engaged in international supply chains or global expansion must understand the factors that drive currency fluctuations to manage risks effectively.
This answer explores five key reasons why exchange rates experience volatility.
1. Interest Rate Differentials (Monetary Policy Impact)
Explanation:
Central banks set interest rates to control inflation and economic growth. Countries with higher interest rates attract foreign investment, increasing demand for their currency.
✅ How It Causes Volatility?
Rising interest rates → Attracts foreign investors → Currency appreciates Falling interest rates → Reduces investment appeal → Currency depreciates Example: When the US Federal Reserve raises interest rates, the US dollar strengthens as investors move capital to USD-based assets.
Key Takeaway: Exchange rates fluctuate as investors adjust capital flows based on interest rate expectations.
2. Inflation Rates (Purchasing Power Impact)
Explanation:
Inflation reduces the value of money, leading to lower purchasing power. Countries with high inflation tend to see their currency weaken, while those with low inflation maintain a stronger currency.
✅ How It Causes Volatility?
High inflation → Reduces confidence in currency → Depreciation
Low inflation → Increases currency stability → Appreciation
Example: The Turkish Lira has depreciated significantly due to high inflation rates, making imports expensive.
Key Takeaway: Inflation affects the real value of money, influencing exchange rate stability.
3. Speculation and Market Sentiment (Investor Behavior Impact)
Explanation:
Foreign exchange markets (Forex) are driven by investor speculation. Traders buy and sell currencies based on market trends, geopolitical risks, and economic forecasts.
✅ How It Causes Volatility?
If investors expect a currency to strengthen, they buy more → Increases demand and value If investors lose confidence, they sell off holdings → Causes depreciation Example: In 2016, after the Brexit referendum, speculation about the UK economy caused the British pound (GBP) to drop sharply.
Key Takeaway: Investor behavior and speculation create short-term exchange rate volatility.
4. Political Instability & Economic Uncertainty (Government Policies & Geopolitics) Explanation:
Political uncertainty and economic instability weaken investor confidence, leading to capital flight from riskier currencies. Countries with stable governments and strong economies maintain more stable exchange rates.
✅ How It Causes Volatility?
Political crises, elections, or policy changes → Uncertainty → Currency depreciation Stable governance and economic reforms → Confidence → Currency appreciation Example:
Argentina's peso lost value due to economic instability and high debt.
Switzerland's Swiss Franc (CHF) remains strong due to political stability and its reputation as a "safe-haven" currency.
Key Takeaway: Political and economic uncertainty increase exchange rate volatility by influencing investor confidence.
5. Trade Balances & Current Account Deficits 🌎 (Export-Import Impact)
Explanation:
The balance of trade (exports vs. imports) impacts currency demand. Countries that export more than they import experience higher demand for their currency, leading to appreciation. Conversely, nations with large trade deficits see their currencies depreciate.
✅ How It Causes Volatility
Trade surplus (more exports) → Demand for local currency rises → Appreciation Trade deficit (more imports) → Increased need for foreign currency → Depreciation Example:
China's trade surplus strengthens the Chinese Yuan (CNY).
The US dollar fluctuates based on its import-export trade balance.
Key Takeaway: Exchange rates shift as global trade patterns change, affecting currency demand.
Conclusion
Exchange rate volatility is driven by economic, financial, and political factors:
1️⃣ Interest Rates - Higher rates attract investment, strengthening currency.
2️⃣ Inflation Rates - High inflation erodes value, weakening currency.
3️⃣ Speculation & Market Sentiment - Investor behavior influences short-term fluctuations.
4️⃣ Political & Economic Uncertainty - Instability causes capital flight and depreciation.
5️⃣ Trade Balances & Deficits - Export-driven economies see appreciation, while import-heavy nations experience depreciation.
Understanding these drivers helps businesses manage currency risks when engaging in global procurement, contracts, and financial planning.
Antwort:
Begründung:
Use of Forward and Futures Contracts in the Commodities Market
Introduction
The commodities market involves the trading of physical goods such as oil, gold, agricultural products, and metals. Due to price volatility, businesses and investors use derivative contracts like forward and futures contracts to manage price risk and ensure stability in supply chains.
Both contracts allow buyers and sellers to agree on a fixed price for a future date, but they differ in terms of standardization, trading methods, and risk exposure.
1. Forward Contracts (Private, Custom Agreements)
Definition
A forward contract is a customized agreement between two parties to buy or sell a commodity at a specified price on a future date. It is a private, over-the-counter (OTC) contract, meaning it is not traded on an exchange.
✅ Key Characteristics:
Customizable terms (quantity, delivery date, price).
Direct agreement between buyer and seller.
Used for hedging against price fluctuations.
Example: A coffee producer agrees to sell 10,000kg of coffee to a distributor in 6 months at a fixed price of $5 per kg, protecting both parties from price swings.
Advantages of Forward Contracts
✔ Tailored to buyer/seller needs - Customizable quantity, quality, and delivery terms.
✔ Reduces price uncertainty - Locks in a price, protecting against market fluctuations.
✔ No upfront cost - No initial margin or collateral required.
Disadvantages of Forward Contracts
❌ High counterparty risk - If one party defaults, the other may face financial losses.
❌ Not regulated or publicly traded - Higher risk of contract disputes.
❌ Limited liquidity - Harder to transfer or sell compared to futures contracts.
Best for: Companies looking for customized price protection in procurement or sales (e.g., food manufacturers, oil refineries).
2. Futures Contracts (Standardized, Exchange-Traded Agreements)
Definition
A futures contract is a standardized agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a predetermined price on a future date. These contracts are traded on organized exchanges (e.g., Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), London Metal Exchange (LME)).
✅ Key Characteristics:
Highly regulated and standardized (fixed contract sizes and terms).
Exchange-traded → Increased liquidity and price transparency.
Requires initial margin and daily settlements (mark-to-market system).
Example: A wheat farmer uses futures contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) to lock in wheat prices before harvest, avoiding potential price drops.
Advantages of Futures Contracts
✔ Lower counterparty risk - Exchanges guarantee contract settlement.
✔ High liquidity - Easily bought or sold on futures markets.
✔ Price transparency - Publicly available pricing and standardized contracts.
Disadvantages of Futures Contracts
❌ Less flexibility - Fixed contract sizes and expiration dates.
❌ Margin requirements - Traders must maintain a margin account, requiring cash reserves.
❌ Potential for speculative losses - Prices fluctuate daily, leading to possible margin calls.
Best for: Large-scale buyers/sellers, investors, and companies needing risk management in commodity markets.
3. Key Differences Between Forward and Futures Contracts
Key Takeaway: Forwards offer flexibility but higher risk, while futures provide standardization and liquidity.
4. Application of Forward and Futures Contracts in the Commodities Market Forwards Used By:
✅ Food manufacturers - Locking in wheat, sugar, or coffee prices for future production.
✅ Oil refineries - Securing crude oil prices to manage fuel costs.
✅ Mining companies - Pre-agreeing on metal prices to secure revenue streams.
Futures Used By:
✅ Airlines - Hedging against fluctuating fuel prices.
✅ Investors - Speculating on gold, oil, or agricultural prices for profit.
✅ Governments - Stabilizing national food or energy reserves.
5. Conclusion
Both forward and futures contracts are essential tools in the commodities market for price risk management.
✅ Forward contracts are customizable but riskier, making them suitable for businesses with specific procurement needs.
✅ Futures contracts offer liquidity and reduced counterparty risk, making them ideal for investors and large corporations managing price volatility.
Organizations must choose the right contract based on their risk tolerance, market exposure, and financial objectives.
15. Frage
SIMULATION
Describe four drivers of internationalisation
Antwort:
Begründung:
Four Key Drivers of Internationalisation
Introduction
Internationalisation refers to the process of expanding business operations into international markets. Companies expand globally to increase market share, access resources, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness.
Several factors drive internationalisation, but the four key drivers are:
Market Drivers - Demand from global consumers.
Cost Drivers - Reducing production costs.
Competitive Drivers - Gaining an edge over rivals.
Government & Regulatory Drivers - Trade policies and incentives.
These factors influence business strategy, supply chain management, and operational efficiency in international markets.
1. Market Drivers(Demand and Market Expansion)
Definition
Market drivers relate to consumer demand, global branding opportunities, and standardization of products across different markets.
✅ Why It Drives Internationalisation?
Companies seek new customers and revenue streams beyond domestic markets.
Global branding creates strong market presence and customer loyalty.
Similar customer preferences allow for product standardization and scalability.
Example: McDonald's expands globally by offering consistent branding and adapted menus to match local tastes.
Key Takeaway: Businesses expand internationally to tap into new markets, increase sales, and leverage brand recognition.
2. Cost Drivers (Reducing Production and Operational Costs)
Definition
Cost drivers involve reducing manufacturing, labor, and supply chain costs by operating in lower-cost regions.
✅ Why It Drives Internationalisation?
Labor cost savings - Companies move production to low-cost countries (e.g., China, Vietnam, Mexico).
Economies of scale - Expanding operations globally lowers per-unit costs.
Access to cheaper raw materials - Firms relocate to resource-rich countries for lower procurement costs.
Example: Apple manufactures iPhones in China due to lower labor costs and supplier proximity.
Key Takeaway: Companies internationalise to optimize costs, increase profit margins, and improve supply chain efficiency.
3. Competitive Drivers (Gaining Market Advantage)
Definition
Competitive drivers push firms to expand internationally to stay ahead of rivals, access new technologies, and strengthen market positioning.
✅ Why It Drives Internationalisation?
Competing with global players forces firms to expand or risk losing market share.
First-mover advantage - Entering new markets early builds brand dominance.
Access to innovation - Expanding to regions with advanced R&D and skilled talent enhances competitiveness.
Example: Tesla expanded into China to compete with local EV manufacturers and dominate the world's largest electric vehicle market.
Key Takeaway: Businesses internationalise to outperform competitors, access innovation, and capture strategic markets.
4. Government & Regulatory Drivers(Trade Policies & Incentives)
Definition
Government policies, trade agreements, and financial incentives influence how and where businesses expand internationally.
✅ Why It Drives Internationalisation?
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) reduce tariffs, making exports/imports more attractive.
Government incentives (e.g., tax breaks, subsidies) encourage foreign investments.
Favorable regulations allow easier market entry and operations.
Example: Car manufacturers set up plants in Mexico due to NAFTA trade benefits and lower import tariffs into North America.
Key Takeaway: Businesses internationalise when government policies support market entry, trade facilitation, and investment incentives.
Conclusion
Internationalisation is driven by market demand, cost efficiencies, competitive pressures, and regulatory factors. Companies expand globally to:
✅ Access new customers and increase revenue.
✅ Reduce costs through cheaper production and labor.
✅ Stay competitive and gain market leadership.
✅ Leverage government trade policies for easier market entry.
Understanding these drivers helps businesses make informed global expansion decisions while managing risks effectively.
16. Frage
......
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